Today, increase in the world population and the pressure that has been imposed on agricultural systems to meet the food security of such a growing population, have caused the sustainability of agroecosystems to be threatened seriously. Production of enough healthy food while conserving the soil, water and air resources is the greatest challenge to policy-makers, decision-makers, scientists and farmers. Conventional agriculture faces great challenges such as food insecurity, pollution of soil and water resources with agrochemicals and rapid loss of biodiversity. Agroecology is the science of applying the ecological principles in studying, designing, managing and evaluating the agricultural systems so that not only crop yield is sustained but also natural resources consumption is optimized and negative impacts of conventional agriculture on environment are minimized. This paradigm uses a holistic approach in a manner that agricultural system is considered an integrated unit which has various biophysical, technical, social, economic and environmental components with complex interrelations with one another. Equal emphasis on the aforementioned components, and combining traditional and modern techniques under a systems' approach umbrella guarantees moving toward sustainable agricultural production.